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''Life and Fate'' ((ロシア語:Жизнь и судьба)) is a 1959 novel by Vasily Grossman and the author's magnum opus. Technically, it is the second half of the author's conceived two-part book under the same title. Although the first half, the novel ''For the Right Cause'', written during the reign of Joseph Stalin and first published in 1952, expresses loyalty to the regime, ''Life and Fate'' sharply criticises Stalinism.〔(Keith Gessen: "Under Siege." ''The New Yorker'' (2006) )〕 Vasily Grossman, a Ukrainian Jew, was a correspondent for the Soviet military paper ''Krasnaya Zvezda'' throughout World War II. He spent approximately 1,000 days on the frontlines, roughly three of the four years of the conflict between the Germans and Soviets.〔Antony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova, ''A Writer at War'', 2005.〕 He was also author of the novel ''The People are Immortal''. He was one of the first journalists to write about the ethnic cleansing of people in Eastern Europe and he was present at many famous battles. ''Life and Fate'' was his defining achievement.〔"Under Siege." ''The New Yorker'' (2006).〕 == History of the manuscript == ''Life and Fate'', the sequel to ''For a Just Cause'', was written in the aftermath of Stalin’s death. Grossman submitted it around October 1960 for potential publication to the ''Znamya'' magazine. At this point, the KGB raided his apartment.〔Chandler, Robert. Introduction to ''Life and Fate'', page xv. 1985. New York, New York Review of Books Classics.〕 The manuscripts, carbon copies and notebooks, as well as the typists' copies and even the typewriter ribbons were seized. On 23 July 1962, the Politburo ideology chief Mikhail Suslov told the author that, if published, his book could inflict even greater harm to the Soviet Union than Pasternak's ''Doctor Zhivago''. Suslov told Grossman that his novel could not be published for two or three hundred years.〔Chandler, Robert. Introduction to ''Life and Fate''. page xvii. 1985. New York, New York Review of Books Classics.〕 Suslov's comment reveals both the presumption of the censor and recognition of the work's lasting literary value. Grossman tried to appeal against this verdict to Khrushchev personally:〔(Sam Sacks. "Life is Freedom: The Act of Vasily Grossman." ).〕 "I ask you to return freedom for my book, I ask that my book be discussed with editors, not the agents of the KGB. What is the point of me being physically free when the book I dedicated my life to is arrested... I am not renouncing it... I am requesting freedom for my book." In 1974, a friend and a prominent poet Semyon Lipkin got one of the surviving copies put onto microfilm and smuggled it out of the country with the help of satirical writer Vladimir Voinovich and nuclear scientist Andrei Sakharov. Grossman died in 1964, never having seen his book published, which did not happen in the West until 1980.〔 As the policy of glasnost was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, the novel was finally published on Russian soil in 1988 in the ''Oktyabr'' magazine and as a book. Some critics have compared Grossman's war novels, and specifically ''Life and Fate'', with Leo Tolstoy's monumental work, especially ''War and Peace''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Life and Fate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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